Ketoconazole

Ketoconazole

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Questions & Answers

Side Effects & Adverse Reactions

Hepatotoxicity, primarily of the hepatocellular type, has been associated with the use of ketoconazole tablets, including rare fatalities. The reported incidence of hepatotoxicity has been about 1:10,000 exposed patients, but this probably represents some degree of under-reporting, as is the case for most reported adverse reactions to drugs. The median duration of ketoconazole tablet therapy in patients who developed symptomatic hepatotoxicity was about 28 days, although the range extended to as low as 3 days. The hepatic injury has usually, but not always, been reversible upon discontinuation of ketoconazole tablet treatment. Several cases of hepatitis have been reported in children.

Prompt recognition of liver injury is essential. Liver function tests (such as SGGT, alkaline phosphatase, SGPT, SGOT and bilirubin) should be measured before starting treatment and at frequent intervals during treatment. Patients receiving ketoconazole tablets concurrently with other potentially hepatotoxic drugs should be carefully monitored, particularly those patients requiring prolonged therapy or those who have had a history of liver disease.

Most of the reported cases of hepatic toxicity have to date been in patients treated for onychomycosis. Of 180 patients worldwide developing idiosyncratic liver dysfunction during ketoconazole tablet therapy, 61.3% had onychomycosis and 16.8% had chronic recalcitrant dermatophytoses.

Transient minor elevations in liver enzymes have occurred during treatment with ketoconazole tablets. The drug should be discontinued if these persist, if the abnormalities worsen, or if the abnormalities become accompanied by symptoms of possible liver injury.

In rare cases anaphylaxis has been reported after the first dose. Several cases of hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria have also been reported.

Coadministration of ketoconazole tablets and terfenadine has led to elevated plasma concentrations of terfenadine which may prolong QT intervals, sometimes resulting in life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias. Cases of torsades de pointes and other serious ventricular dysrhythmias, in rare cases leading to fatality, have been reported among patients taking terfenadine concurrently with ketoconazole tablets. Coadministration of ketoconazole tablets and terfenadine is contraindicated.

Coadministration of astemizole with ketoconazole tablets is contraindicated. (See BOX WARNING, CONTRAINDICATIONS, and PRECAUTIONS sections.)

Concomitant administration of ketoconazole tablets with cisapride is contraindicated because it has resulted in markedly elevated cisapride plasma concentrations and prolonged QT interval, and has rarely been associated with ventricular arrhythmias and torsades de pointes. (See BOX WARNING, CONTRAINDICATIONS and PRECAUTIONS sections.)

In European clinical trials involving 350 patients with metastatic prostatic cancer, eleven deaths were reported within two weeks of starting treatment with high doses of ketoconazole tablets (1200 mg/day). It is not possible to ascertain from the information available whether death was related to ketoconazole therapy in these patients with serious underlying disease. However, high doses of ketoconazole tablets are known to suppress adrenal corticosteroid secretion.

In female rats treated three to six months with ketoconazole at dose levels of 80 mg/kg and higher, increased fragility of long bones, in some cases leading to fracture, was seen. The maximum "no-effect" dose level in these studies was 20 mg/kg (2.5 times the maximum recommended human dose). The mechanism responsible for this phenomenon is obscure. Limited studies in dogs failed to demonstrate such an effect on the metacarpals and ribs.

Legal Issues

There is currently no legal information available for this drug.

FDA Safety Alerts

There are currently no FDA safety alerts available for this drug.

Manufacturer Warnings

There is currently no manufacturer warning information available for this drug.

FDA Labeling Changes

There are currently no FDA labeling changes available for this drug.

Uses

Ketoconazole tablets are indicated for the treatment of the following systemic fungal infections: candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, oral thrush, candiduria, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, chromomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis. Ketoconazole tablets should not be used for fungal meningitis because it penetrates poorly into the cerebral-spinal fluid.

Ketoconazole tablets are also indicated for the treatment of patients with severe recalcitrant cutaneous dermatophyte infections who have not responded to topical therapy or oral griseofulvin, or who are unable to take griseofulvin.

History

There is currently no drug history available for this drug.

Other Information

Ketoconazole is a synthetic broad-spectrum antifungal agent available in scored white tablets, each containing 200 mg ketoconazole base for oral administration. In addition, each tablet also contains the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone and starch (corn). Ketoconazole is cis-1-acetyl-4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxyl]phenyl]piperazine.

Ketoconazole is a white to slightly beige, odorless powder, soluble in acids, with a molecular weight of 531.44. Ketoconazole's structural formula and molecular formula are as follows:

Ketoconazole structural formula

C26H28Cl2N4O4

Ketoconazole Manufacturers


  • Kaiser Foundation Hospitals
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Kaiser Foundation Hospitals]
  • Rebel Distributors Corp
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Rebel Distributors Corp]
  • Rebel Distributors Corp
    Ketoconazole Cream [Rebel Distributors Corp]
  • Physicians Total Care, Inc.
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Physicians Total Care, Inc.]
  • Physicians Total Care, Inc.
    Ketoconazole Cream [Physicians Total Care, Inc.]
  • Golden State Medical Supply, Inc.
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Golden State Medical Supply, Inc.]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Stat Rx Usa Llc
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Stat Rx Usa Llc]
  • Taro Pharmaceuticals U.s.a., Inc.
    Ketoconazole Cream [Taro Pharmaceuticals U.s.a., Inc.]
  • American Health Packaging
    Ketoconazole Tablet [American Health Packaging]
  • Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc
    Ketoconazole Cream [Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc]
  • Pd-rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Pd-rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.]
  • Dispensing Solutions, Inc.
    Ketoconazole Cream [Dispensing Solutions, Inc.]
  • E. Fougera & Co. A Division Of Fougera Pharmaceuticals Inc.
    Ketoconazole Cream [E. Fougera & Co. A Division Of Fougera Pharmaceuticals Inc.]
  • Teva Pharmaceuticals Usa Inc
    Ketoconazole Cream [Teva Pharmaceuticals Usa Inc]
  • Bryant Ranch Prepack
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Bryant Ranch Prepack]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketoconazole Cream [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketoconazole Cream [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Lake Erie Medical Dba Quality Care Products Llc
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Lake Erie Medical Dba Quality Care Products Llc]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketoconazole Cream [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketoconazole Cream [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Aidarex Pharmaceuticals Llc
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Aidarex Pharmaceuticals Llc]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketoconazole Cream [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketoconazole Cream [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketoconazole Cream [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
    Ketoconazole Cream [Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc.]
  • Teva Pharmaceuticals Usa Inc
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Teva Pharmaceuticals Usa Inc]
  • State Of Florida Doh Central Pharmacy
    Ketoconazole Tablet [State Of Florida Doh Central Pharmacy]
  • Taro Pharmaceuticals U.s.a., Inc.
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Taro Pharmaceuticals U.s.a., Inc.]
  • Direct Rx
    Ketoconazole Cream [Direct Rx]
  • Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc.]
  • Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc.]
  • Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.]
  • Carilion Materials Management
    Ketoconazole Tablet [Carilion Materials Management]

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